15/08/2017 08:00:00 - Switched side to: France

15/08/2017 08:00:00 - [France] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Let’s start by setting a heading, speed and depth that is appropriate for the mission.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Press the F3 key to activate the ‘Plot Course’ command and click somewhere north of your submarine. Once you have set a waypoint, press ‘Esc’ to deactivate ‘Plot Course’ mode.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now set your depth and speed by pressing the F2 key. We’re hunting a surface target, so set your depth to ‘Shallow’ and your speed to ‘Creep’. This will give us the best sonar conditions for detecting surface traffic. Once this is complete, start time by pressing Space Bar or clicking the ‘Start/Resume’ button.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

15/08/2017 08:00:30 - [France] <BODY scroll=auto><FONT face=Calibri>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU'>Now that we’re underway, let’s quickly examine submarine sensors. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><U><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU'>Radar:</SPAN></U></B><B><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU'> </SPAN></B><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU'>Radar can only be operated at periscope depth and shallower. It is rare to use radar as a submarine, as it is very likely to give away your presence and position. Radar is an active sensor and needs to be switched on in order to function (F9)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><U><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU'>ESM:</SPAN></U></B><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU'> Like radar, Electronic Support Measures (ESM) can only operate at periscope depth. ESM is a passive sensor that automatically operates whenever the submarine is at periscope depth or shallower, and works by detecting electromagnetic emissions from other platforms (e.g. radar). ESM can be very useful for detecting enemy aircraft and surface ships at long range.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><U><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU'>Visual:</SPAN></U></B><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU'> At periscope depth and shallower the submarine can use it’s periscope to visually spot and identify surface vessels and aircraft. The periscope is a passive sensor that automatically operates whenever the submarine is at periscope depth or shallower.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><B><U><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU'>Sonar:</SPAN></U></B><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU'> Sonar is the main sensor utilised by most submarines. It has both active and passive modes, which can be selected in the sensors menu (F9). In passive mode sonar is undetectable, however in active mode sonar can be detected by other platforms at up to twice its effective range. Active sonar is rarely used by submarines, but can be very useful to precisely locate contacts in an emergency.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt; LINE-HEIGHT: normal"><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU'>Now, let’s proceed on a northern course and see if we can detect that merchant using passive sonar.</SPAN></FONT></P></BODY>

15/08/2017 08:01:00 - [France] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Passive sonar performance is affected by several factors, but in this tutorial we are most concerned by speed and depth.</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The speed of our submarine has a significant effect on sonar&nbsp;performance; slower speeds reduce ‘ownship noise’ and increase the range at which a detection can be made. Depth affects where sounds will most readily reach the sonar from. Surface contacts will be detected more readily by a submarine at periscope or shallow depth due to the surface duct. </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>There are a number of other factors that come into play, but for now we just need to be aware that the best place to be for finding our&nbsp;target is at shallow depth and creep speed. </FONT><FONT face=Calibri>Other tutorials in this series will delve deeper into the workings of passive sonar.</FONT><?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

15/08/2017 08:07:13 - [France] New contact! Designated SKUNK #4 - Detected by S 601 Rubis  [Sensors: DMUX 20 [DSUV 2H + DUUA 2D]] at 333deg - Estimated 32nm

15/08/2017 08:07:13 - [France] <BODY scroll=auto><FONT face=Calibri>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Contact! We have detected the merchant. It's a <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">convergence zone</I> contact. We know this because the area of uncertainty begins at the first convergence zone (displayed as a shaded green ring around your submarine) and extends out to the maximum sonar range along the estimated bearing. Conversely,&nbsp;a direct path contact will appear between your submarine and the first convergence zone. More on direct path contacts in a moment, but first let's talk about convergence zones.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">At a simple level, convergence zones are ring shaped areas surrounding a sonar receiver where sound can be detected as it travels in a curved path through water. Convergence zones only occur in deep water, and the distance between them varies according to environmental factors—as a general rule however, they are around 30nm apart. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Looking at the <I>Rubis</I> with the ‘Underwater Sensors’ map setting on, we can see a shaded green circle representing the convergence zone. In some cases you may see multiple convergence zones, but in this case there is only one.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Although the area of uncertainty extends to the sonar’s maximum range, we know that this is a convergence zone contact and therefore the ship must be somewhere within the convergence zone. If there are multiple convergence zones, the contact could be in any of them--but not between them.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Let’s get a little closer and try to get some more information through passive sonar. </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Continue to close with the merchant.</SPAN></FONT></P></BODY>

15/08/2017 08:07:22 - [France] Contact: SKUNK #4 has been type-classified as: Merchant (Classification by: S 601 Rubis [Sensor: DSUV 62A [TSM 2933]] at Estimated 32 nm)

15/08/2017 08:08:22 - [France] Contact: Merchant #4 has been classified as: Commercial Container Vessel - Post Panamax [9,500 TEU, 105,000t DWT] - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: S 601 Rubis [Sensor: DSUV 62A [TSM 2933]] at Estimated 32 nm)

15/08/2017 08:08:22 - [France] <BODY scroll=auto><FONT face=Calibri>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Now we have a firm fix on the contact’s course and speed, we can work out the best way to make our attack. We can simply press F1 and click the contact to have the AI handle it, or we can plot an intercept manually.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">A manual intercept can only be reliably made when the speed, course and approximate position&nbsp;of the contact is known. The&nbsp;more accurate the data used to calculate the intercept, the more precise it will be.&nbsp;The method we are using here is to plot the contacts anticipated course, and find a point along that path that we can reach at (or preferably a little earlier than) the same time as the contact.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Our contact is on a course of 120 at a speed of 23kt. To plot a simple intercept for this contact, use the range and bearing tool (ctrl+D) to place a reference point (ctrl+insert) 23nm (the speed of our contact) away from the nearest point of the area of uncertainty, at a bearing of 120 degrees (the course of our contact). This is where the contact will be in an hour’s time—it should be roughly 12nm from the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Rubis</I>. Plot a course to the position we just identified, and set your speed to ‘Cruise’. The <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Rubis</I> has a cruise speed of 12kt, so this will have us arriving at that position just before the ship.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">For more distant contacts, you may need to place multiple reference points along the contacts intended course in order to find a suitable intercept point. It helps to label the reference points (select one at a time and press ctrl+R to rename them) with the time that the contact will be there--use Zulu time to avoid confusion across time zones.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">The slower your submarine moves to get in place, the less likely it will be detected before it is in firing range. As you get more practiced with this technique, you may wish to use a calculator or spreadsheet to find the precise optimum intercept course and speed for your particular circumstances.</SPAN></FONT></P></BODY>

15/08/2017 08:20:00 - [France] <BODY scroll=auto><FONT face=Calibri>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">As we close with the merchant, you may notice the contact zone of uncertainty grows as sonar contact is lost before re-appearing closer to the <I>Rubis</I>. This is because the convergence zone allowed us to detect the target at a range greater than is possible with <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">direct path</I> sound transmission. As the ship moves through the convergence zone, contact will be lost. Once the ship enters direct path parameters—or re-enters the convergence zone—the contact is updated with the new information. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">This merchant is noisy, so we have a good idea of its position, speed and heading. Quieter contacts can be much harder to pin down—visual ID with the periscope is sometimes required, and rarely you may need to use radar or active sonar to detect particularly quiet contacts. Be aware that using active sonar or radar will almost certainly give away your presence and position.</SPAN></FONT></P></BODY>

15/08/2017 08:48:28 - [France] Contact: Commercial Container Vessel - Post Panamax [9,500 TEU, 105,000t DWT] #4 has been positively identified as: Target Ship - Determined as: Hostile (ID by: S 601 Rubis [Sensor: DMUX 20 [DSUV 2H + DUUA 2D]] at Estimated 12 nm)

15/08/2017 09:00:21 - [France] <BODY scroll=auto><FONT face=Calibri>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Now we’re within torpedo range. You may notice that 8nm seems a bit short for a modern torpedo range—CMO’s default torpedo range is based on <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">practical range</I>. This is the range where a torpedo is likely to be able to acquire its target and give chase if need be. Longer range shots are made possible by altering the doctrine setting ‘Torpedo Range’ to allow kinematic ranges (press ctrl+F9 to open the doctrine menu, or use the right side bar). This can be useful when engaging easy targets, but the further the range of the shot the less likely a hit will be. Against any capable target, it is almost always better to use the practical range for your selected torpedo.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">If you used the auto-attack method, the AI will automatically open fire when the ship is in range. If you have made a manual intercept, you can either hand the attack to the AI to complete automatically by pressing F1 and clicking the ship, or you can manually fire torpedoes by pressing shift+F1 and clicking the ship. </SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><o:p>After your torpedoes fire, your submarine will have the word "WIRE" beneath it, and will be restricted to 10 knots speed. This is because we're using wire-guided torpedoes, which will be explained in more depth in later tutorials. </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Sink the ship using your torpedoes to complete this tutorial. It’s a big ship, so it may take several hits to sink it. Also note that just as in real life, often large vessels struck by torpedoes in CMANO will take some time to sink. In scenarios where conservation of ammunition is a factor, it may well pay to use 1-2 torpedoes on a large merchant vessel, and then wait to see if it sinks from flooding before expending any further ammunition.</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">For the purposes of this tutorial though, ammunition conservation is not a factor. Have at it!</SPAN></FONT></P></BODY>

15/08/2017 09:12:32 - Torpedo F21 Artemis #19 is attacking Target Ship with a base PH of 85%. Final PH: 85%. Result: 70 - HIT

15/08/2017 09:12:32 - Weapon: F21 Artemis #19 has impacted Target Ship. 

15/08/2017 09:12:32 - 99% penetration achieved

15/08/2017 09:12:32 - [Targets] Target Ship has suffered weapon damage: 753.2 DPs

15/08/2017 09:12:33 - [Targets] New probable sub contact! (Flaming datum). Designated GOBLIN #1

15/08/2017 09:12:36 - Torpedo F21 Artemis #20 is attacking Target Ship with a base PH of 85%. Final PH: 85%. Result: 78 - HIT

15/08/2017 09:12:36 - Weapon: F21 Artemis #20 has impacted Target Ship. 

15/08/2017 09:12:36 - 100% penetration achieved

15/08/2017 09:12:36 - [Targets] Target Ship has suffered weapon damage: 785.8 DPs

15/08/2017 09:12:36 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: UHF/VHF Radio [Secure] has been heavily damaged.

15/08/2017 09:12:36 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: UHF/VHF Radio [Secure] has suffered additional damage!

15/08/2017 09:12:36 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Diesels has been moderately damaged.

15/08/2017 09:12:36 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Generic Navigation Radar has been heavily damaged.

15/08/2017 09:12:36 - [Targets] Target Ship has severe flooding.

15/08/2017 09:12:37 - [France] S 601 Rubis reports BDA status change on contact: Target Ship - Severe Flooding

15/08/2017 09:12:56 - [France] Submarine: S 601 Rubis has been ordered to periscope depth or surface, but the doctrine has been configured to order the submarine to dive when threats are nearby. The submarine will now dive. To allow the sub to come to periscope depth or surface, change the Dive when threat is detected doctrine to No.

15/08/2017 09:13:12 - [Targets] New contact! Designated VAMPIRE #2 - Detected by Target Ship  [Sensors: Mk1 Eyeball] at 173deg - Estimated 2nm - No Contrail Detected.

15/08/2017 09:13:19 - [Targets] Contact: VAMPIRE #2 has been type-classified as: GuidedWeapon (Classification by: Target Ship [Sensor: Mk1 Eyeball] at 1.2 nm)

15/08/2017 09:13:24 - Weapon: SM.39 Exocet Blk II #23 has impacted Target Ship. 

15/08/2017 09:13:24 - 100% penetration achieved

15/08/2017 09:13:24 - [Targets] Target Ship has suffered weapon damage: 352.7 DPs

15/08/2017 09:13:24 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Diesels has suffered additional moderate damage.

15/08/2017 09:13:24 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Generic Navigation Radar has suffered additional heavy damage.

15/08/2017 09:13:24 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Generic Navigation Radar has suffered additional moderate damage.

15/08/2017 09:13:24 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: UHF/VHF Radio [Secure] has suffered additional moderate damage.

15/08/2017 09:13:24 - [Targets] Targets :Contact GuidedWeapon #2 has been lost.

15/08/2017 09:14:07 - [Targets] Contact: GOBLIN #1 has been type-classified as: SSN (Classification by: Target Ship [Sensor: Mk1 Eyeball] at Estimated 1 nm)

15/08/2017 09:14:12 - [France] S 601 Rubis reports BDA status change on contact: Target Ship - Medium damage - No Fire - Severe Flooding

15/08/2017 09:14:53 - Switched side to: Targets

15/08/2017 09:15:14 - Switched side to: France

15/08/2017 09:15:15 - Torpedo F21 Artemis #24 is attacking Target Ship with a base PH of 85%. Final PH: 85%. Result: 39 - HIT

15/08/2017 09:15:15 - Weapon: F21 Artemis #24 has impacted Target Ship. 

15/08/2017 09:15:15 - 100% penetration achieved

15/08/2017 09:15:15 - [Targets] Target Ship has suffered weapon damage: 646.1 DPs

15/08/2017 09:15:15 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: UHF/VHF Radio [Secure] has suffered additional heavy damage.

15/08/2017 09:15:15 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Generic Navigation Radar has suffered additional damage!

15/08/2017 09:15:15 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Generic Navigation Radar has suffered additional heavy damage.

15/08/2017 09:15:15 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Diesels has suffered additional damage!

15/08/2017 09:15:15 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Generic Navigation Radar has suffered additional light damage.

15/08/2017 09:15:15 - [Targets] Target Ship has a major fire.

15/08/2017 09:15:19 - Torpedo F21 Artemis #25 is attacking Target Ship with a base PH of 85%. Final PH: 85%. Result: 62 - HIT

15/08/2017 09:15:19 - Weapon: F21 Artemis #25 has impacted Target Ship. 

15/08/2017 09:15:19 - 97% penetration achieved

15/08/2017 09:15:19 - [Targets] Target Ship has suffered weapon damage: 659.7 DPs

15/08/2017 09:15:19 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Diesels has suffered additional damage!

15/08/2017 09:15:19 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: UHF/VHF Radio [Secure] has suffered additional light damage.

15/08/2017 09:15:19 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: UHF/VHF Radio [Secure] has suffered additional damage!

15/08/2017 09:15:19 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Generic Navigation Radar has been destroyed!

15/08/2017 09:15:22 - [France] S 601 Rubis reports BDA status change on contact: Target Ship - Heavy damage - Major Fire - Severe Flooding

15/08/2017 09:16:43 - [Targets] New contact! Designated VAMPIRE #3 - Detected by Target Ship  [Sensors: Mk1 Eyeball] at 195deg - Estimated 2nm - No Contrail Detected.

15/08/2017 09:16:51 - [Targets] Contact: VAMPIRE #3 has been type-classified as: GuidedWeapon (Classification by: Target Ship [Sensor: Mk1 Eyeball] at 1.2 nm)

15/08/2017 09:16:57 - Weapon: SM.39 Exocet Blk II #29 has impacted Target Ship. 

15/08/2017 09:16:57 - 100% penetration achieved

15/08/2017 09:16:57 - [Targets] Target Ship has suffered weapon damage: 352.7 DPs

15/08/2017 09:16:57 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Generic Navigation Radar has suffered additional heavy damage.

15/08/2017 09:16:57 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: UHF/VHF Radio [Secure] has suffered additional damage!

15/08/2017 09:16:57 - [Targets] Targets :Contact GuidedWeapon #3 has been lost.

15/08/2017 09:18:37 - Torpedo F21 Artemis #30 is attacking Target Ship with a base PH of 85%. Final PH: 85%. Result: 89 - MISS - REATTACK

15/08/2017 09:18:42 - Torpedo F21 Artemis #31 is attacking Target Ship with a base PH of 85%. Final PH: 85%. Result: 47 - HIT

15/08/2017 09:18:42 - Weapon: F21 Artemis #31 has impacted Target Ship. 

15/08/2017 09:18:42 - 100% penetration achieved

15/08/2017 09:18:42 - [Targets] Target Ship has suffered weapon damage: 722.5 DPs

15/08/2017 09:18:42 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Generic Navigation Radar has suffered additional heavy damage.

15/08/2017 09:18:42 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: UHF/VHF Radio [Secure] has suffered additional damage!

15/08/2017 09:18:42 - [Targets] Target Ship damage report: Diesels has suffered additional moderate damage.

15/08/2017 09:18:44 - [Targets] New contact! Designated VAMPIRE #4 - Detected by Target Ship  [Sensors: Mk1 Eyeball] at 208deg - Estimated 2nm - No Contrail Detected.

15/08/2017 09:18:52 - [Targets] Contact: VAMPIRE #4 has been type-classified as: GuidedWeapon (Classification by: Target Ship [Sensor: Mk1 Eyeball] at 1.1 nm)

15/08/2017 09:18:57 - Weapon: SM.39 Exocet Blk II #34 has malfunctioned.

15/08/2017 09:18:57 - [Targets] Targets :Contact GuidedWeapon #4 has been lost.

15/08/2017 09:19:10 - [France] Weapon: F21 Artemis #30 has only one alternative target to be redirected to: Target Ship

15/08/2017 09:19:15 - [France] Weapon: F21 Artemis #30 has only one alternative target to be redirected to: Target Ship

20/08/2001 04:00:00 - Switched side to: United States

20/08/2001 04:00:00 - [United States] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Let’s start by taking a look at what’s happening on the surface. Plot a northerly course, set your speed to creep and depth to periscope depth.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>This will bring the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">San Francisco</I> to a depth of -66ft/-20m and a speed of 5kt. When submarines are at periscope depth or shallower they automatically raise their periscopes and any other sensor antennas (e.g. ELINT/ESM). Diesel submarines will also automatically raise their snorkel and switch on their diesel engines—more on diesel submarines in a future tutorial.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Once we’re at periscope depth we will have a much better idea of what’s going on around us. We are able to use the periscope to visually scan for contacts, and detect electromagnetic emissions via the ESM antenna. On the other hand, submarine periscopes can be detected by specialised radar sets (usually mounted on maritime patrol aircraft and ASW helicopters), or even spotted visually by nearby contacts. The submarine itself can also be detected visually if the weather and time of day are right, and thermal imaging can allow the detection of submarines at periscope depth—particularly diesel submarines running their diesel engines—at quite a long distance.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

20/08/2001 04:00:21 - [United States] New contact! Designated SKUNK #2 - Detected by SSN 711 San Francisco  [Sensors: AN/WLR-8(V)2] at 330deg - Estimated 9nm

20/08/2001 04:00:21 - [United States] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now that we’ve reached periscope depth, we’ve detected a contact via ESM. ESM stands for Electronic Support Measures, and involves the passive detection of electromagnetic emissions from other platforms. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>There are a myriad of ESM sets, ranging from rudimentary to extremely advanced. The primary limitation on their range is the power and characteristics of the emitting device. Active radar can be detected at roughly 1.5-2x its useful range, so detecting an ESM contact often gives an early warning of the presence and general location of nearby platforms that are using active radar.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Let’s investigate this contact. Plot a course towards the ESM contact, remaining at periscope depth and creep.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

20/08/2001 04:05:01 - [United States] Contact: SKUNK #2 has been type-classified as: FFG (Classification by: SSN 711 San Francisco [Sensor: AN/WLR-8(V)2] at Estimated 10 nm)

20/08/2001 04:05:01 - [United States] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>As we close with the contact, you may note that the area of uncertainty changes. This is because ESM is not a precise sensor (in most cases). We can however use the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">San Francisco’s </I>advanced ESM set to identify the type of radar we’re detecting. In this case it’s a <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">‘Square Tie’</I> type radar used by the Chinese PLAN. Click on the contact, then click the ‘Contact Report’ button in the right side bar to display more information. Here we can see that this particular radar is only found on the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Luda </I>and <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jianghu</I> class frigates. If you want, you can classify the target unfriendly (ctrl+H) or hostile (H) at this point.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Continue to close with the contact.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

20/08/2001 04:14:21 - [United States] Contact: FFG #2 has been manually marked as unfriendly.

20/08/2001 04:23:54 - [United States] Contact: FFG #2 has been classified as: Type 053H1 Jianghu II [533 Taizhou] - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: SSN 711 San Francisco [Sensor: AN/TB-23/BQ] at Estimated 7 nm)

20/08/2001 04:23:54 - [United States] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now we’ve positively identified the contact as a <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jianghu </I>class frigate—if you’ve been following instructions, it will have been identified by the AN/TB-16D towed array sonar. Other possibilities include the AN/BQQ-5E hull sonar, AN/TB-23 towed array, or even the venerable Mk1 Eyeball if you’ve managed to get within visual range at periscope depth! (check the <EM>San Francisco's</EM> database entry for an overview of these sensors).</FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>These are all passive sensors. That is, they do not emit any energy to detect contacts, they merely detect the energy emitted by contacts (electromagnetic, sound, light, etc). These are the most useful sensors for submarines because they don’t give away the presence or position of the submarine. Radar and active sonar, on the other hand, will very quickly alert any enemies to your presence (as we can now see with the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jianghu</I>).<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Open the ‘Contact Report' menu again. Now we can also see that we have detected ‘HF Sonar’ from the nearby frigate with our AN/WLR-9A acoustic intercept set. Acoustic intercept sets are a specialised form of sonar that detects active sonar emissions. It’s kind of like underwater ESM. <o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>If we check the database entry for the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jianghu</I>, we can see that it only has one sonar set which is active-only (meaning it only functions in active mode and cannot passively detect contacts)&nbsp;with a maximum range of 4nm. Since we’re at periscope and can’t see a <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jianghu</I> anywhere nearby on a clear day, we can safely presume it’s more than 4nm away and can’t detect us. </FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>We can continue to close at periscope depth for the time being.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

20/08/2001 04:30:39 - [United States] Contact: Type 053H1 Jianghu II [533 Taizhou] #2 has been positively identified as: Type 053H1 Jianghu II [545 Linfen] - Determined as: Hostile (ID by: SSN 711 San Francisco [Sensor: AN/TB-23/BQ] at Estimated 12 nm)

20/08/2001 04:51:02 - [United States] SSN 711 San Francisco reports BDA status change on contact: Type 053H1 Jianghu II [545 Linfen] - No damage - No Fire - No Flooding

20/08/2001 05:00:04 - [United States] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now we’re getting quite close to the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jianghu</I>. We’re within weapons range, and coincidentally we’re also within visual range—which for a submarine at periscope depth is 8-10nm for most surface contacts. At this distance the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jianghu</I> will not be able to detect us with its active sonar, but we will be able to hear it with our sonar, see it with the periscope, and detect any emissions from its sensors. Ensure you're at&nbsp;periscope depth and open up the ‘Contact Report’. Note that we can now detect not only the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">‘Square Tie’</I> radar and HF sonar, but also an <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">‘Eye Shield’</I> air search radar, <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">‘Decca 707’</I> surface search radar, and <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">‘Sun Visor’</I> fire control radar (FCR). ‘<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The reason we couldn’t detect these other radars when we initially detected the <EM>'Square Tie'</EM> is because we were over the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">radar horizon</I>. The radar horizon is the maximum distance a that line-of-sight can be drawn between an emitter and a contact due to the curvature of the earth--for a submarine at periscope depth it is roughly 12nm for an average surface contact. For air contacts, it can be hundreds of nautical miles, depending on the altitude of the aircraft. <o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>So, how did we detect the Square Tie if it was over the radar horizon? Simple! It’s an <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">over the horizon</I> radar. These radars use wavelengths that reflect off the ionosphere or follow the curvature of the earth to reach beyond the horizon. Since these waves travel further than the others, we were able to detect them at a greater distance. You can tell whether a radar is over the horizon (OTH) by reading its database entry; this could give clues to the range of your contact.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now that we’re within visual range, there is a small chance that the Jianghu could detect us by spotting our periscope, so we’re going to dive below the layer. Continue on course toward the Jianghu, setting your speed to creep and your depth to ‘just&nbsp;under the layer’ or -750ft.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

20/08/2001 05:02:10 - [United States] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%"><FONT face=Calibri>Now we’re operating below the layer (also called the thermocline, the terms are used interchangeably here). The way sound behaves underwater is heavily influenced by the temperature of the water. Due to heat from the sun being dispersed by waves, the first 330ft/100m or so is a uniform temperature that is relatively warm. In deeper water, the temperature remains relatively stable through the day/night cycle, and is usually not very far from 0 degrees Celsius (sea water freezes at -2.3C). The thermocline is the transition between these two relatively uniform bodies of water. It varies in depth, thickness and strength based on a variety of geographic and environmental factors, however in general it is strongest and thickest at the equator and weakest and thinnest at the poles. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%"><FONT face=Calibri>You can get precise information on the thermocline in CMO by looking at the information box. In this case, the layer is from -397ft to -669ft and has a strength of 0.6. If you like, you can&nbsp;zoom out and place your cursor over different regions of the world from the equator to the poles to see the difference in layer thickness and strength.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%"><FONT face=Calibri>As we learned in the previous tutorial, sound travels a long way under water. It does not, however, readily cross the thermocline. The thermocline acts almost like a mirror, bouncing sound waves off it rather than allowing them through it. When we talk about the thermocline, we can be above the layer, below the layer, or inside the layer. Above the layer we will be able to readily detect surface contacts and other submarines above the layer, below the layer we will only be able to hear very close or very noisy surface contacts—or other submarines below the layer. Inside the layer, we won’t be able to detect anything very well, but we will also be difficult to detect. These rules change a little when we’re using a towed array or facing off against variable depth sonar (VDS), however those subjects will be dealt with in a later tutorial.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%"><FONT face=Calibri>Now that we’re getting close to the Jianghu, we are going to use the layer to our advantage. The high frequency sonar it uses Is particularly poor at penetrating the layer (lower frequencies are better at penetrating the layer), so we are going to close right in for a demonstration. </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%"><FONT face=Calibri>Remain below the layer and close to within 2nm of the Jianghu.</FONT><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></BODY>

20/08/2001 05:36:55 - [United States] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>So, now we’re within 2nm of the Jianghu, completely undetected (unless you were above the layer and got a pop-up saying you’d been detected!). This demonstrates how powerful the layer is for submarines hunting surface contacts. Bear in mind however that we are hunting an old frigate with poor sensors in almost perfect environmental conditions—don’t expect to be able to do this against modern, dedicated ASW opposition.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>To show the difference between being below the layer and above, we’re going to ascend back to ‘shallow’ depth. You will get a pop-up when you’re detected, after which you may open fire with torpedoes to sink the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jianghu</I>. </SPAN></P>
<P><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>If you are behind the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jianghu</I>, you will probably never be detected as its active sonar only faces forward. In that case you can either sink the <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Jianghu </I>to end the tutorial, or for extra credit drop back below the layer and sprint ahead at flank speed, before popping back up above the layer to see the desired effect.</SPAN></P></BODY>

20/08/2001 05:39:03 - [China] New contact! Designated GOBLIN #1 - Detected by Type 053H1 Jianghu II [545 Linfen]  [Sensors: China SJD-5 [Tamir-11 Impr]] at 179deg - 1.7nm

20/08/2001 05:39:03 - [United States] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The frigate has detected you. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>If you were expecting this message, great! If it came as a surprise, you weren’t following instructions.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>You can now open fire.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

20/08/2001 05:39:18 - [China] New contact! Designated TORPEDO #2 - Detected by Type 053H1 Jianghu II [545 Linfen]  [Sensors: China SJD-5 [Tamir-11 Impr]] at 179deg - 1.4nm

20/08/2001 05:39:18 - [China] New contact! Designated TORPEDO #3 - Detected by Type 053H1 Jianghu II [545 Linfen]  [Sensors: China SJD-5 [Tamir-11 Impr]] at 179deg - 1.5nm

20/08/2001 05:40:54 - Torpedo Mk48 Mod 5 ADCAP #31 is attacking Type 053H1 Jianghu II [545 Linfen] with a base PH of 80%. Final PH: 80%. Result: 85 - MISS - REATTACK

21/12/2015 10:00:00 - Switched side to: Russia

21/12/2015 10:00:00 - [Russia] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Before we get started, let’s discuss the differences between our diesel-electric submarine and the nuclear submarines we’ve used </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%">in previous</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"> tutorials. First and foremost, diesel-electric submarines rely on diesel engines when travelling on or near the surface. A portion of the power from these diesel engines is directed to charging an array of powerful batteries. When the submarine dives, these electric batteries offer extremely quiet operation, however the duration of the dive and the speed at which the submarine can travel is limited by the power stored in the batteries.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Nuclear submarines on the other hand are powered by one or more nuclear reactors, providing essentially infinite power. Nuclear submarines can stay submerged indefinitely (the only real constraint is food for the crew), and can travel extremely fast compared to their diesel-electric cousins. The trade-off is that a nuclear submarine produces significantly more noise—even when stationary—due to the pumps and cooling systems required to run their reactors.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>As this tutorial begins, our submarine is submerged and almost out of battery power. You can see this in the right side-bar below the ‘Unit Fuel’ heading. The ‘Battery’ text is bolded to tell you the submarine is running on battery, and we can see that there’s only 500 units of battery power left.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>We’ll need to go to periscope depth and run the diesel engines to recharge the batteries. Set your depth to periscope depth and your speed to creep.</FONT><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></BODY>

21/12/2015 10:03:00 - [Russia] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now we’re at periscope depth the crew automatically raise the snorkel and switch our submarine over to diesel-electric power. It is a common misconception that while snorkelling the batteries will always charge at the same rate. In fact, the creep speed will charge the batteries faster than the cruise setting, and the battery is actually drained at full speed and above in most submarines. This is because at full speed all power is being directed to the propellers, while the batteries are powering the various systems of the submarine.<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Note that the ‘diesel’ heading in the ‘unit fuel’ box is bolded. This indicates that the submarine is now running its diesel engines. Running the diesels is extremely noisy compared to running on battery power, so a good sub commander will manage their use of battery power judiciously and only surface or snorkel when they are confident that they are in a safe area.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>While the battery charges better at creep, we’ve got a destination to get to. Plot a course to a position inside the reference points to your south and set the speed to cruise. Once you’ve arrived on station, we will begin the next serial. If you wish, take this opportunity to experiment with various speed/depth settings to see their effects on battery power. Aim to be inside the destination area no later than 1130Z.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

21/12/2015 11:02:08 - [Russia] <BODY scroll=auto><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Ok, we’re on station in our patrol zone. Our batteries are still very low, however. In most situations a submarine commander would avoid allowing the battery being drained below roughly 50% unless it was mission essential to do so. In CMANO, the AI automatically manages your battery for you using the doctrine settings you can view in the doctrine window. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Press ctrl+F9 to bring up the doctrine window. Under Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW), we’re going to make a change to standard doctrine. Change ‘Dive when threat is detected’ to ‘No’. This means that the submarine will not automatically dive to shallow depth on detecting a nearby threat. In a large scenario where you are controlling multiple units this doctrine setting is very handy as it allows the submarine to respond intelligently to threats that appear nearby. In this tutorial, we only have one unit to worry about and can direct it to evade ourselves if necessary.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Other useful doctrine settings for submarines include the ‘avoid contact’ setting which instructs the AI to move away from known contacts, which can be useful for SSBNs or clandestine operations. The ‘recharge battery %’ settings allow you to set at which point a diesel submarine will automatically come to snorkel depth to recharge batteries, and the ‘Use AIP’ setting allows you to control when submarines fitted with Air Independent Propulsion (a technology that allows diesel submarines to stay submerged for a certain amount of time even after their battery is exhausted) start using AIP.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">With our doctrine settings taken care of, let’s prepare for the next serial. At this very moment a friendly maritime patrol aircraft is preparing to take off in order to obtain targeting data for our planned missile strike. First, we need to prepare our weapons.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Click the ‘Weapons’ button in the right side bar. Once it’s open, note that the two uppermost torpedo tubes are loaded with UGST torpedos. Click the ‘reload priority’ checkbox next to the entry for SS-N-27 Sizzler for each of these two tubes. This will commence the reloading process, which will take around 2 minutes to complete.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt">Once you have done that, plot a course within the patrol zone, set depth to periscope depth and speed to creep in order to recharge batteries while we’re awaiting target data.</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></P></BODY>

21/12/2015 11:05:30 - [Russia Support] Bear #1 (Tu-95RT Bear D) departed Airbase.

21/12/2015 11:05:52 - [Russia Support] New contact! Designated SKUNK #2 - Detected by Bear #1 (Tu-95RT Bear D)  [Sensors: ELINT [Kvadrat-2]] at 292deg - Estimated 34nm

21/12/2015 11:05:52 - [Russia] New contact! Designated SKUNK #2 - Detected by Bear #1 (Tu-95RT Bear D)  [Sensors: ELINT [Kvadrat-2]] at 292deg - Estimated 34nm

21/12/2015 11:09:39 - [Russia Support] Contact: SKUNK #2 has been type-classified as: Merchant (Classification by: Bear #1 [Sensor: SRS-7 Romb-4B] at 46.3 nm)

21/12/2015 11:09:39 - [Russia] Contact: SKUNK #2 has been type-classified as: Merchant (Classification by: Bear #1 [Sensor: SRS-7 Romb-4B] at 46.3 nm)

21/12/2015 11:18:34 - [Russia Support] Contact: Merchant #2 has been positively identified as: Target Vessel - Determined as: Neutral (ID by: Bear #1 (Tu-95RT Bear D) [Sensor: Mk1 Eyeball] at 5 nm)

21/12/2015 11:18:34 - [Russia] Contact: Merchant #2 has been positively identified as: Target Vessel - Determined as: Neutral (ID by: Bear #1 (Tu-95RT Bear D) [Sensor: Mk1 Eyeball] at 5 nm)

21/12/2015 11:18:34 - [Russia] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now we have a firm ID and position on the target, you may open fire with your submarine launched missiles. To do so you can remain at periscope depth, or if you wish you can dive to a depth of no more than -160ft (the maximum firing depth of the Sizzler missile, you can check this in its database entry).<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Press shift+F1 and then click the target merchant to the North. Allocate two missiles by double clicking their entry under the middle ‘Suitable Weapons’ column of the weapon allocation window.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The Sizzler missile supports waypoints to conduct an off-bearing attack. To do so, click the ‘SS-N-27 Sizzler’ entry under ‘Allocated Weapons’, then ‘Plot Course’ button. You will see a line directly between the firer and the target. Click anywhere on the map, and a waypoint will be created for the missile to fly to before flying to the target. This can be useful for co-ordinating overwhelming attacks, using terrain features to delay detection, or simply avoiding the enemy realising which direction you are relative to them. </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Once you’ve plotted your course, press ‘Esc’ to return to the weapons allocation window. When complete, close the weapons allocation window to commence fire.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>If your missiles miss or malfunction, you have another two that you can use to destroy the target.</FONT><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></BODY>

21/12/2015 11:23:30 - Weapon: SS-N-27 Sizzler [3M54T Kalibr, Rocket Boosted Penetrator] #43 has impacted Target Vessel. 

21/12/2015 11:23:30 - 100% penetration achieved

21/12/2015 11:23:30 - [Targets] Target Vessel has suffered weapon damage: 1132.5 DPs

21/12/2015 11:23:30 - [Targets] Target Vessel is sinking!!!

21/12/2015 11:23:30 - [Russia] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Great work. You destroyed the ship with your missiles using targeting data from a friendly aircraft. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Resume your patrol at periscope depth and creep speed to recharge your batteries and await further direction.</FONT><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></BODY>

21/12/2015 11:23:30 - [Targets] Target Vessel damage report: UHF/VHF Radio [Secure] has suffered additional heavy damage.

21/12/2015 11:23:30 - [Russia] Contact Target Vessel has been lost.

21/12/2015 11:23:30 - [Russia Support] Contact Target Vessel has been lost.

21/12/2015 11:23:30 - [Russia Support] Russia Support :Contact Target Vessel has been lost.

21/12/2015 11:23:30 - [Russia] Russia Support :Contact Target Vessel has been lost.

21/12/2015 11:23:42 - Weapon: SS-N-27 Sizzler [3M54T Kalibr, Rocket Boosted Penetrator] #44 has run out of energy... self-destructing

21/12/2015 11:26:30 - [Targets] Haze #1 (Mi-14PL Haze A) departed Airfield.

21/12/2015 11:26:32 - [Russia Support] New contact! Designated BOGEY #3 - Detected by Bear #1 (Tu-95RT Bear D)  [Sensors: ELINT [Kvadrat-2]] at 96deg - Estimated 197nm

21/12/2015 11:26:32 - [Russia] New contact! Designated BOGEY #3 - Detected by Bear #1 (Tu-95RT Bear D)  [Sensors: ELINT [Kvadrat-2]] at 96deg - Estimated 197nm

21/12/2015 11:26:52 - [Russia Support] Contact: BOGEY #3 has been type-classified as: ASW (Classification by: Bear #1 [Sensor: ELINT [Kvadrat-2]] at Estimated 89 nm)

21/12/2015 11:26:52 - [Russia] Contact: BOGEY #3 has been type-classified as: ASW (Classification by: Bear #1 [Sensor: ELINT [Kvadrat-2]] at Estimated 89 nm)

21/12/2015 11:41:01 - [Russia] Contact: ASW #3 has been classified as: Mi-14PL Haze A - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: B-237 Rostov-on-Don [Sensor: Generic Submarine Periscope, Optical] at 15.9 nm)

21/12/2015 11:41:01 - [Russia Support] Contact: ASW #3 has been classified as: Mi-14PL Haze A - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: B-237 Rostov-on-Don [Sensor: Generic Submarine Periscope, Optical] at 15.9 nm)

21/12/2015 12:13:11 - Switched side to: Targets

21/12/2015 12:16:22 - Switched side to: Russia

21/12/2015 14:19:55 - Weapon: SA-N-8 Gremlin [9M36] #53 is attacking Haze #1 (Mi-14PL Haze A) with a base PH of 45%. PH adjusted for weapon speed: 29% (pure-aerodynamic attitude control). Final PH: 29%. Result: 93 - MISS

21/12/2015 14:20:06 - Weapon: SA-N-8 Gremlin [9M36] #54 is attacking Haze #1 (Mi-14PL Haze A) with a base PH of 45%. PH adjusted for weapon speed: 33% (pure-aerodynamic attitude control). Final PH: 33%. Result: 53 - MISS

21/12/2015 14:20:16 - Weapon: SA-N-8 Gremlin [9M36] #55 is attacking Haze #1 (Mi-14PL Haze A) with a base PH of 45%. PH adjusted for weapon speed: 43% (pure-aerodynamic attitude control). Final PH: 43%. Result: 48 - MISS

21/12/2015 14:20:26 - Weapon: SA-N-8 Gremlin [9M36] #56 is attacking Haze #1 (Mi-14PL Haze A) with a base PH of 45%. PH adjusted for weapon speed: 43% (pure-aerodynamic attitude control). Final PH: 43%. Result: 70 - MISS

21/12/2015 14:20:35 - Weapon: SA-N-8 Gremlin [9M36] #57 is attacking Haze #1 (Mi-14PL Haze A) with a base PH of 45%. Final PH: 45%. Result: 6 - HIT

21/12/2015 14:20:35 - [Russia] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Excellent work. There are not many submarine commanders with confirmed aircraft kills! <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>While in this situation defending ourselves with SAMs was a viable tactic, the vast majority of the world’s submarines do not carry SAMs, and the vast majority of situations you find yourself in will not be as simple as this one. That said, if you do have SAMs you can unexpectedly turn the tables on ASW aircraft that are usually able to hunt submarines with impunity.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Continue on station at periscope depth and creep speed. Prepare for your next serial by loading SS-N-30 Kalibr missiles into your torpedo tubes and await further direction.</FONT><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></BODY>

21/12/2015 14:20:35 - [Targets] Haze #1 (Mi-14PL Haze A) has been destroyed!

21/12/2015 14:20:35 - [Russia] Contact Mi-14PL Haze A #3 has been lost.

21/12/2015 14:20:35 - [Russia Support] Contact Mi-14PL Haze A #3 has been lost.

21/12/2015 14:20:35 - [Russia Support] Russia Support :Contact Mi-14PL Haze A #3 has been lost.

21/12/2015 14:20:35 - [Russia] Russia Support :Contact Mi-14PL Haze A #3 has been lost.

21/12/2015 14:25:00 - [Russia] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now for your final serial. Two land targets&nbsp;are displayed to your west. If you haven’t already, load SS-N-30 Kalibr missiles into your torpedo tubes. Once your tubes are loaded, allocate one missile to each target using the same method we used for firing the Sizzler missiles earlier. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Submarine launched cruise missiles make submarines an even more potent strategic and tactical tool for a commander. The ability to clandestinely approach an enemy coast and destroy targets on land is extremely valuable.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Once the land targets are destroyed, your mission will be complete. If your missiles miss or malfunction, you have one reload available for each target.</FONT><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></BODY>

21/12/2015 14:29:52 - Weapon: SS-N-30A Sagaris [3M14 Kalibr] #59 has impacted Land Target 2. 

21/12/2015 14:29:52 - 100% penetration achieved

21/12/2015 14:29:52 - [Targets] Land Target 2 has suffered weapon damage: 849.6 DPs

21/12/2015 14:29:52 - [Targets] Land Target 2 has been destroyed!

21/12/2015 14:29:52 - [Russia] Contact Land Target 2 has been lost.

21/12/2015 14:29:52 - [Russia Support] Contact Land Target 2 has been lost.

21/12/2015 14:29:52 - [Russia Support] Russia Support :Contact Land Target 2 has been lost.

21/12/2015 14:29:52 - [Russia] Russia Support :Contact Land Target 2 has been lost.

21/12/2015 14:30:03 - Weapon: SS-N-30A Sagaris [3M14 Kalibr] #58 has impacted Land Target 1. 

21/12/2015 14:30:03 - 100% penetration achieved

21/12/2015 14:30:03 - [Targets] Land Target 1 has suffered weapon damage: 849.6 DPs

21/12/2015 14:30:03 - [Russia] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Congratulations, you successfully managed the battery power of a diesel-electric submarine while destroying targets on land, sea and in the air. You are truly becoming a force to be reckoned with!</FONT><?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></BODY>

21/12/2015 14:30:03 - [Targets] Land Target 1 has been destroyed!

21/12/2015 14:30:03 - [Russia] Contact Land Target 1 has been lost.

21/12/2015 14:30:03 - [Russia Support] Contact Land Target 1 has been lost.

21/12/2015 14:30:03 - [Russia Support] Russia Support :Contact Land Target 1 has been lost.

21/12/2015 14:30:03 - [Russia] Russia Support :Contact Land Target 1 has been lost.

16/06/1999 10:00:00 - Switched side to: Greece

16/06/1999 10:00:00 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The shallow water environment differs from deep water in a number of ways:<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>There are no convergence zones<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>The thermocline may be thinner and weaker, or non-existent<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>The ocean floor presents a hard limit to diving depth<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>Sonar performance is markedly reduced in terms of range and sensitivity<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>Ocean floor topography affects sensor performance<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The first three points need little explanation, however the last two will benefit from some more detail. Compared to deep water, the shallow water environment has a very high level of ambient noise from waves, currents, biological sources and increased marine traffic. In fact, in most shallow water environments, a submarine (particularly a diesel-electric submarine running on batteries) will be quieter than the surrounding environment. This is exacerbated by the fact that as sound waves reverberate off the surface, ocean floor and any other surface the strength of the sound decreases significantly. The multiple reverberations and high background noise drastically reduces the distance at which contacts can be detected with passive sonar in shallow water. This allows submarines to remain undetected at even very short ranges, but also allows for surface vessels to approach submarines undetected.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Shallow water also degrades active sonar performance. Reflections from the sea floor, rocks, wrecks and other clutter drastically reduce the signal-to-noise ratio, particularly in the low and middle frequencies. In tutorial 1.2 we saw that high frequency active sonar was not very effective at penetrating the thermocline; however in shallow water high frequency is the active sonar of choice for differentiating submarines from background clutter. Regardless of frequency, all active sonar suffers a significant degradation of performance in shallow water.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Ocean topography is the final point of difference for shallow water operations. In deep water the ocean floor is beyond the operating depth of submarines (often by orders of magnitude) and is essentially irrelevant when it comes to ASW operations. In shallow water, the valleys and ranges of the ocean floor can be used to avoid detection by both active and passive sonar. Terrain masking using underwater topography is an extremely effective method of avoiding detection, as sound is not able to travel in a direct path to passive sensors, and no line-of-sight exists between the submarine and active sensors on the surface. The down-side is that the sensor performance of the submarine will also be reduced for the same reasons.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now, a friendly intelligence agent has spotted your target transiting the Bosphorus Straits. Plot a course toward your target and start time (spacebar) to continue.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

16/06/1999 10:00:02 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>A common tactic that makes use of the shallow water environment is <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">bottom profiling.</I> This is when a submarine avoids detection by sitting motionless on the ocean floor. For a diesel submarine the reduction in battery consumption allows for very long submerged endurance, and the lack of noise generated by movement means the submarine is generally much quieter than the surrounding environment. For a nuclear submarine, these benefits don’t really apply (remember nuclear submarines can remain submerged indefinitely and are inherently noisier even when motionless due to essential reactor systems). <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Where both diesel and nuclear submarines benefit from bottom profiling is the drastically reduced chance of detection by active sonar. As mentioned previously, both low and medium frequency active sonar are not very effective in shallow water, and their chances of differentiating a submarine from the ocean floor are very poor. High frequency sonar poses more of a threat, but still suffers a drastic reduction in probability of detection.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>For bottom profiling to be effective, the submarine must be motionless. Any movement will increase the likelihood of detection drastically, particularly against high frequency sonar. A good submarine commander will decide on a suitable location (all the better if terrain masking is used) and get in place well before the target comes within sensor range. The submarine will then remain motionless and wait for the target to pass overhead, before manoeuvring into the targets baffles<FONT size=2>*</FONT> for a high-probability-of-kill torpedo shot.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri><FONT size=2>*Baffles is a term used to describe the relative dead-zone of sonar coverage behind a ship or submarine<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>Click ‘close and continue’ to continue.</SPAN></BODY>

16/06/1999 10:00:04 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Your instruction in ‘Basic Submarine Operations’ is now complete. Your mission is to sink the Turkish frigate transiting through the Aegean enroute to the Mediterranean. You will need to use the knowledge you have gained in the previous tutorials in order to accomplish this task; the target is a capable opponent, and will be significantly more aggressive than targets in prior tutorials. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Using the skills and knowledge you have accumulated so far, you will be able to destroy the target without being detected. If you ignore previous lessons, you are unlikely to survive. <o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The scenario will end once you have sunk the target and are safe from counter-attack by its carried helicopter. You have 6 hours, good luck.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

16/06/1999 12:20:17 - [Greece] Contact F 250 Muavenet has been lost.

16/06/1999 12:41:49 - [Greece] New contact! Designated SKUNK #3 - Detected by S 110 Glavkos  [Sensors: IPS CSU 3] at 56deg - Estimated 7nm

16/06/1999 12:52:02 - [Turkey] New contact! Designated GOBLIN #1 - Detected by F 250 Muavenet  [Sensors: AN/SQS-26CX] at 250deg - 4.5nm

16/06/1999 12:53:17 - [Greece] Contact: SKUNK #3 has been classified as: F 250 Muavenet [Knox, Tepe Class] - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: S 110 Glavkos [Sensor: OMS 100 IR Component [QLR]] at Estimated 4 nm)

16/06/1999 12:53:17 - [Greece] New aircraft spotted on F 250 Muavenet [Knox, Tepe Class] #3 by S 110 Glavkos (Sensor: OMS 100 IR Component [QLR]). 

16/06/1999 12:53:17 - [Greece] S 110 Glavkos reports BDA status change on contact: F 250 Muavenet [Knox, Tepe Class] #3 - No damage - No Fire - No Flooding

16/06/1999 12:53:18 - [Greece] Contact: F 250 Muavenet [Knox, Tepe Class] #3 has been positively identified as: F 250 Muavenet - Determined as: Hostile (ID by: S 110 Glavkos [Sensor: SERO 400 TV/EO Component] at Estimated 4 nm)

16/06/1999 12:53:18 - [Greece] Aircraft previously spotted on F 250 Muavenet has been identified as: AB.212 ASW (recon by: S 110 Glavkos - Sensor: SERO 400 TV/EO Component). 

16/06/1999 12:53:29 - [Turkey] Huey #1 (AB.212 ASW) departed F 250 Muavenet.

16/06/1999 13:34:42 - [Greece] Submarine: S 110 Glavkos (S 110 Glavkos [Type 209-1100]) has been ordered to periscope depth or surface, but the doctrine has been configured to order the submarine to dive when threats are nearby. The submarine will now dive. To allow the sub to come to periscope depth or surface, change the Dive when threat is detected doctrine to No.

16/06/1999 13:55:43 - [Greece] New contact! Designated BOGEY #4 - Detected by S 110 Glavkos  [Sensors: SERO 400 IR Component] at 356deg - 4.3nm

16/06/1999 13:55:44 - [Greece] Contact: BOGEY #4 has been classified as: AB.212 ASW - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: S 110 Glavkos [Sensor: SERO 400 LLTV Component] at 4.3 nm)

16/06/1999 14:01:24 - [Greece] Contact AB.212 ASW #4 has been lost.

16/06/1999 14:06:23 - [Greece] New contact! Designated BOGEY #5 - Detected by S 110 Glavkos  [Sensors: SERO 400 IR Component] at 210deg - 3.5nm

16/06/1999 14:06:24 - [Greece] Contact: BOGEY #5 has been classified as: AB.212 ASW - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: S 110 Glavkos [Sensor: SERO 400 LLTV Component] at 3.5 nm)

16/06/1999 14:06:26 - Switched side to: Turkey

16/06/1999 14:06:26 - Switched side to: Greece

16/06/1999 14:08:07 - [Greece] Contact AB.212 ASW #5 has been lost.

16/06/1999 14:09:29 - [Turkey] Huey #1 (AB.212 ASW) departed F 250 Muavenet.

16/06/1999 14:31:05 - [Turkey] Contact: GOBLIN #1 has been type-classified as: SSK (Classification by: F 250 Muavenet [Sensor: Mk1 Eyeball] at 5.2 nm)

16/06/1999 14:36:08 - [Greece] New contact! Designated BOGEY #6 - Detected by S 110 Glavkos  [Sensors: SERO 400 TV/EO Component] at 17deg - 2.8nm - No Contrail Detected.

16/06/1999 14:36:11 - [Greece] Contact: BOGEY #6 has been type-classified as: ASW (Classification by: S 110 Glavkos [Sensor: OMS 100 IR Component [QLR]] at 2.7 nm)

16/06/1999 14:36:13 - [Greece] Contact: ASW #6 has been classified as: AB.212 ASW - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: S 110 Glavkos [Sensor: SERO 400 IR Component] at 2.6 nm)

16/06/1999 14:41:25 - [Greece] Contact AB.212 ASW #6 has been lost.

16/06/1999 14:42:00 - [Greece] S 110 Glavkos has broken the guidance wire for SUT Mod 4 #8 (excessive speed)

16/06/1999 14:42:00 - [Greece] S 110 Glavkos has broken the guidance wire for SUT Mod 4 #9 (excessive speed)

16/06/1999 14:43:07 - Torpedo SUT Mod 4 #8 is attacking F 250 Muavenet with a base PH of 75%. Final PH: 75%. Result: 32 - HIT

16/06/1999 14:43:07 - Weapon: SUT Mod 4 #8 has impacted F 250 Muavenet. 

16/06/1999 14:43:07 - 100% penetration achieved

16/06/1999 14:43:07 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet has suffered weapon damage: 745.6 DPs

16/06/1999 14:43:07 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet is sinking!!!

16/06/1999 14:43:07 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: 20mm/85 Mk15 Phalanx Blk 0 has suffered additional light damage.

16/06/1999 14:43:07 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: Mk36 SRBOC has suffered additional light damage.

16/06/1999 14:43:07 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: 20mm/85 Mk15 Phalanx Blk 0 has suffered additional damage!

16/06/1999 14:43:07 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: Helicopter Magazine has suffered additional heavy damage.

16/06/1999 14:43:07 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: 2x Combustion Engineering V2M Boilers, 1x Westinghouse Steam Turbine has suffered additional damage!

16/06/1999 14:43:07 - [Turkey] F 250 Muavenet damage report: 20mm/85 Mk15 Phalanx Blk 0 has suffered additional moderate damage.

16/06/1999 14:43:54 - Switched side to: Turkey

16/06/1999 14:45:05 - Switched side to: Greece

16/06/1999 14:49:12 - Weapon: SUT Mod 4 #9 has run out of energy... self-destructing

16/06/1999 14:53:53 - [Greece] Contact F 250 Muavenet has been lost.

16/06/1999 14:56:43 - [Greece] New contact! Designated BOGEY #7 - Detected by S 110 Glavkos  [Sensors: SERO 400 IR Component] at 48deg - 0.1nm

16/06/1999 14:56:44 - [Greece] Contact: BOGEY #7 has been classified as: AB.212 ASW - Determined as: Hostile (Classification by: S 110 Glavkos [Sensor: SERO 400 LLTV Component] at 0.1 nm)

16/06/1999 14:58:47 - Switched side to: Turkey

16/06/1999 14:59:22 - Switched side to: Greece

16/06/1999 15:01:55 - [Greece] Contact AB.212 ASW #7 has been lost.

16/06/1999 10:00:00 - Switched side to: Greece

16/06/1999 10:00:00 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The shallow water environment differs from deep water in a number of ways:<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>There are no convergence zones<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>The thermocline may be thinner and weaker, or non-existent<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>The ocean floor presents a hard limit to diving depth<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>Sonar performance is markedly reduced in terms of range and sensitivity<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>Ocean floor topography affects sensor performance<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The first three points need little explanation, however the last two will benefit from some more detail. Compared to deep water, the shallow water environment has a very high level of ambient noise from waves, currents, biological sources and increased marine traffic. In fact, in most shallow water environments, a submarine (particularly a diesel-electric submarine running on batteries) will be quieter than the surrounding environment. This is exacerbated by the fact that as sound waves reverberate off the surface, ocean floor and any other surface the strength of the sound decreases significantly. The multiple reverberations and high background noise drastically reduces the distance at which contacts can be detected with passive sonar in shallow water. This allows submarines to remain undetected at even very short ranges, but also allows for surface vessels to approach submarines undetected.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Shallow water also degrades active sonar performance. Reflections from the sea floor, rocks, wrecks and other clutter drastically reduce the signal-to-noise ratio, particularly in the low and middle frequencies. In tutorial 1.2 we saw that high frequency active sonar was not very effective at penetrating the thermocline; however in shallow water high frequency is the active sonar of choice for differentiating submarines from background clutter. Regardless of frequency, all active sonar suffers a significant degradation of performance in shallow water.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Ocean topography is the final point of difference for shallow water operations. In deep water the ocean floor is beyond the operating depth of submarines (often by orders of magnitude) and is essentially irrelevant when it comes to ASW operations. In shallow water, the valleys and ranges of the ocean floor can be used to avoid detection by both active and passive sonar. Terrain masking using underwater topography is an extremely effective method of avoiding detection, as sound is not able to travel in a direct path to passive sensors, and no line-of-sight exists between the submarine and active sensors on the surface. The down-side is that the sensor performance of the submarine will also be reduced for the same reasons.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now, a friendly intelligence agent has spotted your target transiting the Bosphorus Straits. Plot a course toward your target and start time (spacebar) to continue.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

16/06/1999 10:00:02 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>A common tactic that makes use of the shallow water environment is <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">bottom profiling.</I> This is when a submarine avoids detection by sitting motionless on the ocean floor. For a diesel submarine the reduction in battery consumption allows for very long submerged endurance, and the lack of noise generated by movement means the submarine is generally much quieter than the surrounding environment. For a nuclear submarine, these benefits don’t really apply (remember nuclear submarines can remain submerged indefinitely and are inherently noisier even when motionless due to essential reactor systems). <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Where both diesel and nuclear submarines benefit from bottom profiling is the drastically reduced chance of detection by active sonar. As mentioned previously, both low and medium frequency active sonar are not very effective in shallow water, and their chances of differentiating a submarine from the ocean floor are very poor. High frequency sonar poses more of a threat, but still suffers a drastic reduction in probability of detection.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>For bottom profiling to be effective, the submarine must be motionless. Any movement will increase the likelihood of detection drastically, particularly against high frequency sonar. A good submarine commander will decide on a suitable location (all the better if terrain masking is used) and get in place well before the target comes within sensor range. The submarine will then remain motionless and wait for the target to pass overhead, before manoeuvring into the targets baffles<FONT size=2>*</FONT> for a high-probability-of-kill torpedo shot.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri><FONT size=2>*Baffles is a term used to describe the relative dead-zone of sonar coverage behind a ship or submarine<o:p></o:p></FONT></FONT></P><SPAN style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri",sans-serif; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: EN-AU; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA'>Click ‘close and continue’ to continue.</SPAN></BODY>

16/06/1999 10:00:04 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Your instruction in ‘Basic Submarine Operations’ is now complete. Your mission is to sink the Turkish frigate transiting through the Aegean enroute to the Mediterranean. You will need to use the knowledge you have gained in the previous tutorials in order to accomplish this task; the target is a capable opponent, and will be significantly more aggressive than targets in prior tutorials. <?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Using the skills and knowledge you have accumulated so far, you will be able to destroy the target without being detected. If you ignore previous lessons, you are unlikely to survive. <o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The scenario will end once you have sunk the target and are safe from counter-attack by its carried helicopter. You have 6 hours, good luck.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

16/06/1999 10:00:00 - Switched side to: Greece

16/06/1999 10:00:00 - [Greece] <BODY scroll=auto><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The shallow water environment differs from deep water in a number of ways:<?xml:namespace prefix = "o" ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>There are no convergence zones<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>The thermocline may be thinner and weaker, or non-existent<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>The ocean floor presents a hard limit to diving depth<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>Sonar performance is markedly reduced in terms of range and sensitivity<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt 36pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-list: Ignore">·<SPAN style='FONT: 7pt "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><FONT face=Calibri>Ocean floor topography affects sensor performance<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>The first three points need little explanation, however the last two will benefit from some more detail. Compared to deep water, the shallow water environment has a very high level of ambient noise from waves, currents, biological sources and increased marine traffic. In fact, in most shallow water environments, a submarine (particularly a diesel-electric submarine running on batteries) will be quieter than the surrounding environment. This is exacerbated by the fact that as sound waves reverberate off the surface, ocean floor and any other surface the strength of the sound decreases significantly. The multiple reverberations and high background noise drastically reduces the distance at which contacts can be detected with passive sonar in shallow water. This allows submarines to remain undetected at even very short ranges, but also allows for surface vessels to approach submarines undetected.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Shallow water also degrades active sonar performance. Reflections from the sea floor, rocks, wrecks and other clutter drastically reduce the signal-to-noise ratio, particularly in the low and middle frequencies. In tutorial 1.2 we saw that high frequency active sonar was not very effective at penetrating the thermocline; however in shallow water high frequency is the active sonar of choice for differentiating submarines from background clutter. Regardless of frequency, all active sonar suffers a significant degradation of performance in shallow water.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Ocean topography is the final point of difference for shallow water operations. In deep water the ocean floor is beyond the operating depth of submarines (often by orders of magnitude) and is essentially irrelevant when it comes to ASW operations. In shallow water, the valleys and ranges of the ocean floor can be used to avoid detection by both active and passive sonar. Terrain masking using underwater topography is an extremely effective method of avoiding detection, as sound is not able to travel in a direct path to passive sensors, and no line-of-sight exists between the submarine and active sensors on the surface. The down-side is that the sensor performance of the submarine will also be reduced for the same reasons.<o:p></o:p></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 8pt"><FONT face=Calibri>Now, a friendly intelligence agent has spotted your target transiting the Bosphorus Straits. Plot a course toward your target and start time (spacebar) to continue.</FONT><o:p></o:p></P></BODY>

